Ụdị azụ̀ na ADME na ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ecotoxicology

Keywords: azụ imeju microsomes, azụ hepatocytes, azụ imeju S9, egwurugwu trout imeju microsomes, egwurugwu trout hepatocytes, ahịhịa carp hepatocytes, zebra azụ imeju microsomes, zebra azụ hepatocytes, salmon imeju microsomes, salmon hepatocytes, aquatic toxicology, OECD TG 319A, OECD TG 3

Ngwaahịa IPHASE

Okwu mmalite

A na-ekpughe ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri n'ime mmiri mgbe niile maka ụdị mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche, site na ọgwụ na-egbu egbu na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na ọgwụ mmadụ ruo na kemịkalụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụtara n'ime osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ịghọta ka e si agbakọta ogige ndị a n'ime azụ bụ isi ihe na-ebu amụma maka nnọgidesi ike ha, nchịkọta bioaccumulation, na ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ihi nke a, ụdị imeju in vitro sitere na ụdị dị ka trout egwurugwu, kappu ahihia, zebrafish, na salmon aghọwo ihe dị mkpa.aquatic toxicologyna nyocha nchekwa kemịkal. Nkwadebe gụnyeremicrosomes imeju azụ, azụ hepatocytes, naimeju azụ S9irighiri ihe na-enye ndị na-eme nchọpụta ngwá ọrụ bara uru maka ịmụ banyere ọdịnihu metabolic nke xenobiotics na ịmepụta data nke na-agwa ma nyocha sayensị na mkpebi nchịkwa.

Ecotoxicology: Inyocha ihe na-emerụ emerụ na azụ

N'ihe ọmụmụ ecotoxicological, imeju- sistemu ndị dabere na-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ohere inyocha ka azụ̀ si emeghachi omume na mkpughe kemịkal n'ọkwa molekul na biochemical. Dịka ọmụmaatụ,hepatocytes trout egwurugwuejirila iji chọpụta nkwụsi ike metabolic nke ọgwụ anụmanụ na-ejikarị na aquaculture, na-enye nghọta ma ogige ndị a nwere ike ịgbakọba n'anụ ahụ a na-eri nri ma ọ bụ banye na mmiri gbara ya gburugburu.Azụ zebra hepatocytesnamicrosomes imeju zebrabara uru karịsịa na ọmụmụ nke endocrine - kemịkalụ na-emebi emebi, na-enyere ndị na-eme nchọpụta aka ịghọta otú mmetọ si emetụta usoro homonụ na ahụike ọmụmụ.Salmon hepatocytesetinyere ya na nleba anya nke ọgwụ mgbochi nje ndị a na-eji na aquaculture, na-emezi mkpa maka nlekọta ahụike azụ dị irè yana nchegbu gbasara mwepụta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ahịhịa ahihia, nke na-adịkarị na sistemu mmiri dị ọcha, na-enyekwa ozi dị mkpa site nahepatocytes nke ahịhịa azu kaapuna ọmụmụ akụkụ nke imeju S9, ọkachasị na mpaghara ebe aquaculture na ọrụ ugbo na-agafe.

Ụzọ in vitro ndị a na-eme ka o kwe omume ịmegharị ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi na-adabereghị naanị na nyocha vivo. Ha na-ekpughe ma a na-ekpochapụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ngwa ngwa, gbanwee ghọọ metabolites na-arụ ọrụ, ma ọ bụ na ọ ga-anọgide na-adị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri. Site n'ịchọpụta ụzọ metabolic na ngwaahịa mgbanwe site na iji microsomes imeju azụ, hepatocytes azụ, na nkwadebe imeju S9, ndị na-eme nchọpụta nwere ike ibu amụma n'ụzọ ziri ezi banyere ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi, nyochaa ikike bioaccumulation, ma chọpụta ogige ndị nwere ike ibute ihe egwu zoro ezo n'ihi nguzobe nke etiti na-egbu egbu.

Microsomes imeju azụ

Microsomes imeju imeju egosila na ọ bara uru karịsịa n'ịkọwa usoro nke metabolism, nke gụnyere cytochrome P450 - oxidation mediated. Nnyocha e mere iji microsomes imeju trout egwurugwu na salmon imeju microsomes enyerela aka dokwuo anya ka a na-agbanwe ọgwụ ndị na-egbu egbu, ihe na-egbochi ire ọkụ, na ọgwụ mmadụ a na-ewepụta site na mmiri na-ekpofu mmiri ozugbo ha banyere n'ime mmiri. Enwere ike ịhụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụdị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe microsomes imeju trout nke egwurugwu nwere ike mebie ụfọdụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ nke ọma.microsomes imeju zebranwere ike igosi obere ọrụ ma ọ bụ mepụta metabolites dị iche iche. Ndịiche interspecies ndị a na-enye data dị mkpa maka ntụle toxicology atụnyere na nyocha ihe egwu.

Na toxicology nke mmiri nke ọgbara ọhụrụ, a na-ejikarị microsomes imeju imeju nyochaa kemịkalụ biotransformation, nkwụsi ike nke metabolic, na ụdị-iche dị iche iche na metabolism xenobiotic.

Azụ Hepatocytes n'ozuzu - Ụdị cell

Azụ hepatocytesna-ejigide ụzọ metabolic nke mbụ na nke II, yana usoro njem na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na-eme ka ha bụrụ ihe nnọchianya zuru oke nke na vivo metabolism karịa irighiri akwara subcellular naanị. Ojiji ha na ecotoxicology gbatịrị karịa ọmụmụ metabolism dị mfe, dịka ọdịbendị hepatocyte nwere ike ikpughe nzaghachi cellular - ọkwa ọkwa maka mkpughe mmetọ, dị ka nrụgide oxidative, genotoxicity, na mmebi nke ọrụ endocrine.

Dịka ọmụmaatụ, etinyere hepatocytes trout egwurugwu n'ime ogologo oge usoro omenala iji nyochaa mmetụta na-adịghị ala ala nke obere-nkpughe dose, ebe zebra azụ hepatocytes na-ejikarị eme ihe na elu-nyocha nyocha nke na-enyocha ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. Salmon hepatocytes na ahịhịa carp hepatocytes na-enye ụdị ndị ọzọ-nghọta akọwapụtara, na-enyere ndị nchọpụta aka ịchọpụta otú mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ aquaculture si emetụta ahụike azụ na, site na ndọtị, gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri.

N'ihi na hepatocytes azụ na-ejigide ma ọrụ metabolic na njem, a na-amata hepatocytes azụ dị ka otu n'ime sistemu vitro kachasị dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ metabolism azụ.

Iberibe imeju imeju S9 na ntuziaka ule OECD 319A na 319B

Akụkụ S9 imeju azụ na-ejikọta microsomal na enzymes cytosolic, si otú ahụ na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ ụzọ metabolic sara mbara, gụnyere ma usoro oxidative na conjugative. Nke a na-eme ka imeju azụ S9 bara uru karịsịa na nchọpụta nchekwa kemịkalụ ebe a ga-atụle ikike biotransformation zuru oke.

Ya usoro iwu mkpa ka pụta ìhè siteOECD TG 319B, nke na-ahazi ojiji nke egwurugwu trout imeju S9 ụmụ irighiri ihe n'ịchọpụta ike biotransformation nke kemịkalụ. A na-etinye data emepụtara n'okpuru OECD TG 319B n'usoro nhazi iji wepụta ihe ndị dị ka metabolized ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwere ike ịdịgide.

Ijikwa usoro a,OECD TG 319Ana-enye ntụzịaka maka ojiji nke hepatocytes trout egwurugwu echekwabara na mkpochapụ dị n'ime na nyocha bioaccumulation. Ọnụ, OECD TG 319A na OECD TG 319B emewo ka usoro nnabata nke azụ - dabere na sistemu metabolism vitro.

Nkewa dị otú ahụ dị mkpa na ntule ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi, ebe ha na-emetụta otu esi ejikwa kemịkalụ, machibido ma ọ bụ kwadoro maka ojiji.

Mmechi

Ojiji microsomes imeju azụ, hepatocytes azụ, na imeju azụ S9 sitere na ụdị gụnyere trout egwurugwu, ahịhịa ahịhịa, zebrafish, na salmon emewo ọganihu dị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara mmiri mmiri na nyocha nchekwa kemịkal. Modelsdị ndị a na-enye ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị aka ịchọpụta ụzọ metabolic, chọpụta nnọgidesi ike, na ịchọpụta metabolites nwere ike ịdị na-egbu egbu, si otú a na-ejikọta usoro toxicology na ngwa nhazi.

Nkwenye nke uru ha bara na ntuziaka dị ka OECD TG 319A na OECD TG 319B na-egosipụta mkpa ha ọ bụghị nanị na nyocha agụmakwụkwọ kamakwa na mkpebi nchịkwa mba ụwa-ime. Site na imeziwanye amụma omume kemịkal na gburugburu mmiri, ụdị imeju azụ̀ na-akwado ma nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na iji kemịkal na-adigide.