With the continuous development of biotechnology, the development of targeted antitumor drugs such as small molecule compounds, oligonucleotides and biologics has made rapid progress, among which siRNA/RNAi and ADC drugs are the most popular and preferred choices for the development of antitumor drugs by many pharmaceutical companies. In vitro tests are necessary to examine the stability and safety of drugs, and lysosomes are indispensable in vitro metabolism research products in the development of siRNA/RNAi and ADC drugs.
IPHASE Products
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Item No. |
Product Name |
Specification |
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250 μL,2 mg/mL |
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250 μL,2 mg/mL |
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250 μL,2 mg/mL |
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250 μL,2 mg/mL |
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250 μL,2 mg/mL |
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A-1 mL，B-10 μL |
Introduction to lysosomes
Lysosomes are single-membrane organelles in eukaryotic cells that break down biomolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides, and were first discovered in rat hepatocytes in 1955 by Belgian scholar Cristian de Duve (1917-2013) and others. Lysosomes have various shapes, usually vesicular structures of 0.025-0.8 μm, and contain more than 60 hydrolytic enzymes such as acid phosphatase, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease, histone protease, and acetyltransferase, which are a group of hydrolytic enzymes with an optimal pH in the acidic region, and the optimal pH of the hydrolytic enzymes is 3.5-5.5.In view of the structural specificity of the lysosomes and the acidic working environment, the Substances that are positive for acid phosphatase activity are usually identified as lysosomes.
Diagram of the lysosomes. Image created By Figdraw.
Characteristics of lysosomes
As lysosomes that work in acidic regions, their enzymes contain three characteristics:
1) The lysosomal surface is highly glycosylated, which helps protect itself from enzymatic hydrolysis. Membrane proteins are mostly glycoproteins, and the inner surface of the lysosomal membrane is negatively charged, which helps the enzymes in the lysosomes to remain free. This is important for exercising normal function and preventing the cell itself from being digested;
2)All hydrolytic enzymes are optimally active at about pH=5, but their surrounding cytoplasm has a pH=7.2. The lysosomal membrane contains a special transporter protein that can use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to pump H+ (hydrogen ions) from the cytoplasm into the lysosomes in order to maintain its pH=5;
3) The enzymes in the lysosomes exercise their catabolic role only when the hydrolyzed substance enters the lysosomes. Once the lysosomal membrane is ruptured and the hydrolyzing enzymes escape, cellular autolysis will result.
Function and classification of lysosomes
The main role of the lysosomes is digestion, an intracellular digestive organ, and cellular autolysis, defense, and utilization of certain substances are all related to lysosomal digestion. Its executive function is twofold, namely, fusion with food vesicles to digest food into biomolecules and digestion of senescent organelles or biomolecules formed in the process of self-renewal of the organism.
Lysosomes can be divided into Primary lysosomes, Secondary lysosomes and Residual body according to the different stages of accomplishing their physiological functions.
Post time: 2024-11-05 14:19:09