Mayeso Owonjezera a Ames

Mayeso a Ames a Standard

Mayeso a Ames ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pozindikira kuthekera kwa mutagenic mu mankhwala, kuphatikiza N-Nitrosamines. Ngakhale kufunikira kwake pakuwunika kwa toxicological, kuyezetsa kwa Ames kokhazikika kumakhala ndi zoletsa zingapo, makamaka powunika zinthu zomwe zimafunikira kuyambitsa kagayidwe kachakudya.

Zochepera pa Mayeso a Standard Ames

Ngakhale mayeso a Ames akadali mwala wapangodya pakuyesa kwa mutagenicity, ali ndi malire:

• Kuchita Zochepa Kwa Metabolic:

Mayeso a Ames nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chiwindi cha makoswe S9, chomwe chilibe ma enzyme-ofunikira a cytochrome P450 (CYP). Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti ma procarcinogens asamagwire ntchito bwino (mwachitsanzo, ma N-nitrosamines) kapena kuchulukitsitsa kwa zinthu zomwe sizingawononge anthu. Chitsanzo: Khoswe S9 sagwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu ya N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) poyerekeza ndi michere ya anthu, zomwe zingawononge zabodza.

• Kuzindikira Kwapang'onopang'ono kwa Mutation Spectrum:

Mitundu yokhazikika (monga TA98, TA100) imazindikira mitundu yokhayo ya masinthidwe (mafelemu, maziko-olowa m'malo awiri), ma clastogen osowa kapena ma epigenetic carcinogens.

• Over-Kudalira Mabakiteriya Systems:

Popeza mayeserowa amagwiritsa ntchito Salmonella typhimurium, sichimawerengera njira zowonongeka za DNA zomwe zimapezeka m'maselo a mammalian, zomwe zingathe kusowa zotsatira zina za mutagenic.

• Zabwino Zonama ndi Zoipa:

Mankhwala ena omwe si - mutagenic amatha kubweretsa zotsatira zabwino chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa bakiteriya, pomwe ma mutagens omwe amafunikira kuyambitsa kagayidwe kachakudya kagayidwe kachakudya amatha kusadziwika.

Mayeso Owonjezera a Ames

Maupangiri aposachedwa a EMA a Q&As Guidance akuti chifukwa chakuchepa kwamphamvu kwa ma N-nitrosamines (monga NDMA) malinga ndi mayeso a Ames, mikhalidwe ya mayeso a Enhanced Ames yoperekedwa ndi FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) ndiyomwe ikulimbikitsidwa. A FDA atsimikiza kuti njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa Ames Test sizingakhale zokwanira kuwonetsa mphamvu ya mutagenic ya N-nitrosamines, ndipo nthawi zina zingapangitse zotsatira zoipa za mutagenic nitrosamines. Poyankha, FDA's National Center for Toxicological Research yakhala ikuyesa mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana kuti ipange mayeso a Enhanced Ames, omwe cholinga chake ndi kupereka kuwunika kodalirika kwa mphamvu ya mutagenic ya zonyansa za N-nitrosamine.

Zotsatira zotsatirazi za Enhanced Ames Test (EAT) zimaperekedwa ndi FDA

Ubwino Wapadera wa Hamster Liver S9 Fraction

Gawo la Hamster liver S9 ndilofunika kwambiri pakuyezetsa kwa Ames chifukwa chakutha kwake kuyambitsa ma N-Nitrosamines ena poyerekeza ndi chiwindi cha makoswe S9. Imagawana mbiri yofananira ya kagayidwe kazakudya zama enzymes a chiwindi chamunthu, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yofunikira pakuwunika kwachiwopsezo chamunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, hamster chiwindi S9 imakhala ndi ma enzymes apamwamba a cytochrome P450, omwe ndi ofunikira kuti bioactivation ya mutagens. Izi zimabweretsa kukhudzika kwamphamvu ndikuchepetsa zabodza-ziwopsezo zoyipa, kulola kuzindikira bwino kwa ma mutagens omwe mwina sangawonekere ndi makoswe a chiwindi S9 okha.

Mapeto

Ngakhale kuyesa kwa Ames kumakhalabe chida chofunikira chowunikira mutagenicity, zofooka zake zimafunikira kuwongolera kuti zikhale zolondola. Kuyesedwa kowonjezereka kwa Ames, makamaka kuphatikiza kagawo kakang'ono ka hamster chiwindi S9, kumakulitsa kwambiri kuzindikira kwa ma mutagen ovuta kwambiri monga N-Nitrosamines, kutseka kusiyana pakati pa bakiteriya ndi mammalian metabolism. Kupita patsogolo kumeneku kumapereka njira yodalirika yowunika zomwe zitha kukhala zowopsa za anthu ndikuthandizira zisankho zabwinoko - kupanga.

Keywords: N-Nitrosamines, NDSRIs, OECD 471, Enhanced Ames test, Hamster chiwindi S9, Cytochrome P450 enzymes, Mutation Test